The effects of Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) on crystal-sugar Contaminated with Geobacillus  stearothermophilus   and Aspergillus niger was studied with combined variables of power (5–15 w), time (2-10 min), and voltage (15-22 kV). The total microbial loads of Gs (9×105) and An (9×104 CFU/g) loads were destructed (P ≤ 0.05) when the voltage and power were 22 Kv and ≥ 5 W. Additionally, their death values (D) were equal and below 1.18 min, respectively. Results showed that increasing voltage had at least 70% more effects on Gs sterilization than the time and power of DBD. Although the cold plasma has substantial destructive effects on the  cell membranes, DNA, and protein of microrganisms, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of A. niger,  and G.  stearothermophilus confirmed the disinfection process by changes happened in their sizes, configurations, and spores due to the cold plasma process. The DBD method (a non-thermal procedure) can be applied as a new antimicrobial practice to fully sterilized the purified crystal sugar and make it completely appropriate for pharmaceutical and baby food industry.

introduction: crystal is one the pernicious addictive drugs which has unfortunately been imported to Iran in the recent years. As crystal is the purified form of Heroin, its adverse effects are much more serious than those of Heroin. Apart from psychological effects, addiction to crystal may have adverse effects on organs and tissues. So, the evaluation of enzymatic changes could be helpful in identifying the origin of damages. Alkaline phosphatase is present in most tissues and the most prevalent cause of its elevation is liver and bone diseases. Since liver damages may be caused by Heroin consumption, assaying ALP levels could be useful for investigating the adverse effects of this drug.Materials and Methods: This study is a case control study which was carried out on 50 control persons and 108 crystal addicts who referred to Salehabad Center of Drug Addiction Treatment (Torbat jam) for the first time during 2008-2010. The activity level of Alkaline phosphatase in the serum was measured with Calorimetry-Spectrophotometry Using computer software SPSS-16, t-test was used to analyze the data.Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between crystal consumption and the serum level of ALP in both groups (P= 0.001). Besides, the relationships between the duration of crystal consumption with Alkaline phosphatase level and cigarette smoking were significant.Conclusion: Our results revealed that crystal consumption is an important factor for elevating the ALP serum level in crystal addicts.

The increasing demand for pharmaceutical sugar requires higher quality (specifically microbial level) of standards compared to the sugar commonly used in the food industry. While different thermal processes are applied for microbial decontamination of crystal sugar, they usually destruct and degrade its bio-active compounds, that are undesirable. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of freeze-drying (at – 42oC, and pressure of 0. 1 mbar) on crystal sugar Contaminated highly with heat resistant bacteria of G. stearothermophilus (9×105 ) and also most common fungi of A. niger (9×104 CFU/g). The results of this study showed that the non-thermal process of freeze-drying could eliminate > 99% of its original Gs and An microorganisms successfully. Physicochemical tests have indicated that the freeze-dryer process has made 10. 4% decrease in crystal size and 23. 5% decrease in ash content, that brings the characteristics of sugar crystals closer to international pharmaceutical standards. Furthermore, the microbial load of crystal sugar after freezedrying process were below the permissible levels identified in European Pharmacopeia. In fact, there is a potential to use freeze-drying technique to decontaminate the conventional crystal sugar and make it appropriate for using (as ingredient) in pharmaceutical products.

In process of sucrose determination in sugar beet, pulp analysis by polarometric method is done on the basis of fresh root weight. The volume of the juice of 26 grams of the pulp is considered 23 ml that with 177 ml of clarifying agent would be 200 ml. Drought stress and dehydrated root reduce. The volume of the pulp extract of 23 ml. The objective of this experiment was to determine the proper method for juice extraction from beet roots grown under drought, salinity and normal conditions in the procedure of sugar content measurement. sugar beet roots produced under various conditions were subjected to dehydration after harvest. Three levels of dehydration [(A) including fresh beet with 76±1 percent moisture (a1), dehydrated roots up to 70± 1 (a2) and 63± 1 (a3) percent water content] and three juice extraction methods [(traditional cold digestion (b1), hot digestion (b2) and improved French method (b3)] were arranged in a factorial experiment (3*3) in CRD with 12 replications. sugar content, dry matter, marc, brix and juice electrical conductivity were determined for all treatments. The results showed that beet dehydration from 76 to 68 percent increased both dry matter and marc contents from 24 to 32 and from 4.7 to 7.1 percent, respectively. In normal roots there was no significant difference in terms of sugar content determination by various extraction methods. However, sugar content of beet roots grown under semi-salinity (P<0.05), salinity and drought (P<0.01) conditions were affected significantly by extraction methods. These differences are presumably due to differences in marc and dry matter contents. In conclusion, overall there was no difference between the hot digestion and French methods in all conditions. Whereas, the difference of traditional methods with French method for dry matter of 24 to 27 percent was not significant. Thus, it is recommended to determine sugar content of beet roots having up to 27 percent dry matter by cold digestion method and in the beet roots of greater than 27 percent dry matter the proper way of juice extraction is French method.

Recently, photonic crystals doped with liquid crystal (LC) material havegained much research interest. In this article new ternary one-dimensional photoniccrystal introduced and studied. The liquid crystal layer of 5CB and 5PCH is sandwichedby two dielectric layers. For the first time, we use four structures SiO2/UCF35/CaF2, SiO2/5CB/CaF2, NFK51/UCF35/NPSK53 and NFK51/5CB/NPSK53. The effect oftemperature on transfer band gap of these photonic crystals is investigated withtransferred matrix method. The results show that in all four structures PBG forextraordinary ray (ne) is very large than ordinary ray (no) and with increasing oftemperature, PBG shifts to red wavelength. PBG width is very vast and variation of thefigure with respect temperature is very sharp for SiO2/UCF35/CaF2 structure. Also, thesuggested design takes high tunability due to the infiltration of the LC material. One canuse the proposed structure as temperature sensing device, narrow band optical filter andin many optical systems.

Recently, photonic crystals doped with liquid crystal (LC) material have gained much research interest. In this article new ternary one-dimensional photonic crystal introduced and studied. The liquid crystal layer of 5CB and 5PCH is sandwiched by two dielectric layers. For the first time, we use four structures SiO2/UCF35/CaF2, SiO2/5CB/CaF2, NFK51/UCF35/NPSK53 and NFK51/5CB/NPSK53. The effect of temperature on transfer band gap of these photonic crystals is investigated with transferred matrix method. The results show that in all four structures PBG for extraordinary ray (ne) is very large than ordinary ray (no) and with increasing of temperature, PBG shifts to red wavelength. PBG width is very vast and variation of the figure with respect temperature is very sharp for SiO2/UCF35/CaF2 structure. Also, the suggested design takes high tunability due to the infiltration of the LC material. One can use the proposed structure as temperature sensing device, narrow band optical filter and in many optical systems.

Geometrical design of the spiral c1ystal selector can ajj (xt crystal orientation in the final single crystal structure. To achieve a better understanding of conditions associated with the onset of crystal orientation in a spiral crystal selector, temperature field was investigated using three-dimensional finite element method during the process. D!fferent geometries of spiral crystal selector were used to produce Al- 3 wt. % Cu alloy single crystal using a Bridgman type furnace. The crystal orientation of the samples was determined using electron bachcattered d(fftaction (EBSD) and optical microscopy. Analysing the temperature field in the c1ystal selector revealed thai, the orientation of growing dendrites against liquidus isotherm in the spiral selector was the reason for crystal misorientation which differs in various selector geometries. Increasing the take-off angle from 35o up to 45° increases the misorientation with respect to<001> direction. Further increase of take-off angle greater than 45° will decrease the crystal misorientation again and the ejjiciency of the selector to produce a single grain is decreased.

In Asia, Illicit opium and cannabis are produced mainly in Afghanistan, which makes major social and health problems for some countries, particularly Iran as the neighborhood. In Iran, opium and hashish have been used for near 300 years, but other drugs such as heroin, buprenorphine, cocaine, tramadol, and ecstasy are new drugs of abuse in this country. Abuses of the new drugs in Iran are now a major health problem, particularly for the youth and young adults...